Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o efeito da Terapia floral na evolução do trabalho de parto e na tríade dor-ansiedade-estresse das mulheres durante o nascimento. Métodos Estudo quase-experimental realizado no período de maio a julho de 2018 no centro-obstétrico de um hospital referência para a assistência ao nascimento de baixo risco na Região Sul do Brasil, com 60 participantes (30 no Grupo Controle e 30 no Grupo Floral). A intervenção consistiu na administração dos Florais de Bach durante o trabalho de parto combinados por compostos capazes de regatar o equilíbrio emocional em situações de dor, ansiedade e estresse com a adição de 99,75% de conhaque orgânico Francês à 30% para 0,25% da tintura mãe. O grupo placebo recebeu uma mistura combinada de água com adição de 99,75% de conhaque orgânico Francês à 30% para 0,25% da tintura mãe. Ambos foram acondicionados em frascos conta gotas de 30 ml de igual tamanho, formato e característica. Para análise foi utilizado o teste t a fim de comparar as variáveis estudadas antes e após a intervenção e entre os grupos. Resultados As variáveis analisadas como dilatação cervical, contrações uterinas, ocitocina, cortisol e tempo do trabalho de parto apresentaram diferenças significativas para o Grupo Floral quando comparado com o placebo. Conclusão A Terapia floral pode ser uma alternativa para a mulher durante o trabalho de parto por auxiliar na progressão do parto sem trazer prejuízos ao recém-nascido.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effect of flower therapy on the evolution of labor and on the pain-anxiety-stress triad of women during birth. Methods Quasi-experimental study conducted from May to July 2018 in the obstetric center of a reference hospital for low-risk birth care in southern Brazil with 60 participants (30 in the control group and 30 in the floral group). The intervention consisted of administering Bach Flower Remedies during labor combined with compounds capable of restoring emotional balance in situations of pain, anxiety and stress with the addition of 99.75% organic French brandy at 30% to 0.25% of the mother tincture. The placebo group received a combined water mix with added 99.75% organic French brandy at 30% to 0.25% of the mother tincture. Both were put in 30 ml dropper bottles of the same size, shape and characteristic. In the analysis, the t test was used to compare the variables studied before and after the intervention, and between groups. Results Variables analyzed such as cervical dilation, uterine contractions, oxytocin, cortisol and duration of labor showed significant differences for the floral group compared to placebo. Conclusion Flower therapy can be an alternative for women during labor, as it helps in the progression of labor without harming the newborn.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar el efecto de la terapia floral en la evolución del trabajo de parto y en la tríada dolor-ansiedad-estrés de mujeres durante el nacimiento. Métodos Estudio cuasi experimental realizado en el período de mayo a julio de 2018 en el centro obstétrico de un hospital de referencia en la atención al nacimiento de bajo riesgo en la región sur de Brasil, con 60 participantes (30 en el grupo de control y 30 en el grupo floral). La intervención consistió en la administración de Flores de Bach durante el trabajo de parto combinadas con compuestos capaces de rescatar el equilibrio emocional en situaciones de dolor, ansiedad y estrés con la adición de 99,75 % de coñac orgánico francés al 30 % en 0,25 % de tintura madre. El grupo placebo recibió una mezcla combinada de agua con la adición de 99,75 % de coñac orgánico francés al 30 % en 0,25 % de tintura madre. Ambas fueron colocadas en frascos con cuentagotas de 30 ml de igual tamaño, formato y características. Para el análisis se utilizó el test-T a fin de comparar las variables estudiadas antes y después de la intervención y entre los grupos. Resultados Las variables analizadas, como dilatación cervical, contracciones uterinas, oxitocina, cortisol y tiempo de trabajo de parto presentaron diferencias significativas en el Grupo Floral en comparación con el de placebo. Conclusión La terapia floral puede ser una alternativa para la mujer durante el trabajo de parto porque ayuda a la evolución del parto sin perjuicios para el recién nacido.

Ionic trace elements such as Mg2+, Mn2+ and Sr2+ are very difficult to stabilize in the hydroxyapatite lattice, and they can induce phase transformations when subjected to thermal treatments. The effects of the ions themselves are often confused with the effects of the newly formed phases. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the ions isolated from the effects caused by the inherent phase transformations observed in these systems. WDXRF, XRD, FTIR and biological assays using mouse preosteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1) showed the Mg2+ ions can stimulate cell differentiation even when segregated from the HA structure in the form of MgO. However, the presence of MgO considerably retards cell proliferation. At the same time, Mn2+ ions are able to increase cell proliferation and induce the production of high levels of ALP, regardless of whether they are inserted into the HA structure or segregated in the form of Mn3O4. Finally, the presence of Sr2+ in the HA lattice does not appear to directly affect cell behavior, since both the proliferation and production of ALP are comparable to those observed in the nondoped HA sample.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Considering that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been detected in feces, this study aimed to verify a possible relationship between basic sanitation indices and coronavirus disease (COVID-19) numbers/rates. METHODS: Data of COVID-19 cases registered in Brazil until May 28, 2020, and independent variables associated with basic sanitation were analyzed. RESULTS: A significant correlation between the number of cases and sewage treatment index/population density was observed. In addition, COVID-19 incidence and mortality rates were significantly associated with the total water service index and lethality rate was significantly associated with the sewage treatment index. CONCLUSIONS: Precarious basic sanitation infrastructure may potentially increase the SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Brazil.

RESUMO As doenças cardiovasculares são as principais causas de óbito nacional, sendo o sedentarismo um importante fator de risco neste processo degenerativo. O objetivo foi avaliar o nível de atividade física (NAF) de docentes na rede pública de ensino de Viçosa MG por meio de dois instrumentos distintos e a concordância obtida entre eles. Participaram desta investigação 200 professores de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 25 e 68 anos. O NAF foi mensurado pelo Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ) e por meio da utilização de um pedômetro. Foram realizados os cálculos das prevalências de indivíduos ativos e não ativos fisicamente e posteriormente o índice Kappa (K) para estabelecer a concordância entre os instrumentos. Todas as análises foram realizadas no software MedCalc, versão 14. 10. 2 e SPSS, versão 20. Pelo IPAQ, 70% dos professores atingiram níveis adequados de atividade física (AF), enquanto, pelo pedômetro apenas 26.5%. A concordância entre as cinco categorias do pedômetro e do IPAQ não foi significativa, assim como na classificação em ativos e não ativos, entre os instrumentos. Conclui-se que avaliando o NAF através do IPAQ foi possível perceber que a maioria dos docentes foram classificados como ativos. Entretanto quando se considera o limiar de 10000 passos/dia de média, utilizando o pedômetro como instrumento de avaliação do NAF, a maior parte do grupo não pode ser considerada ativa. Além disso, não houve concordância entre os instrumentos para a avaliação do NAF.

ABSTRACT Cardiovascular diseases are the main causes of national death, and sedentary is an important risk factor in this degenerative process. To evaluate the level of physical activity (LPA) of teachers in the public school system of Viçosa MG by means of two distinct instruments and the agreement obtained between them. A total of 200 teachers of both genders, aged between 25 and 68, participated in this research. LPA was measured by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and through the use of a pedometer. The calculations of the prevalence of active and non-physically active individuals were performed, and the Kappa (K) index was subsequently used to establish agreement between the instruments. All analyzes were performed in MedCalc software, version 14. 10. 2 and SPSS, version 20. For the IPAQ, 70% of teachers reached adequate levels of physical activity (LPA), while by the pedometer only 26.5%. The agreement between the five categories of the pedometer and the IPAQ was not significant, as well as in the classification in active and non-active, between the instruments. In conclusion evaluating the LPA through the IPAQ it was possible to perceive that the majority of the teachers were classified as active. However, when considering the threshold of 10000 steps/day of average, using the pedometer as an instrument of evaluation of the NAF, the majority of the group cannot be considered active. In addition, there was no agreement between the instruments for the evaluation of NAF.

Introdução:O gene TP53 (proteína tumoral p53) é alvo constante de investigação na patogênese do câncer. A imuno-histoquímica fornece dados limitados na análise de p53 no processo da carcinogênese bucal e o sequenciamento de TP53 pode contribuir nessa investigação. Contudo, a obtenção de ácido desoxirribonucleico (DNA) com qualidade para amplificação e livre de contaminação pode constituir uma tarefa difícil na utilização de material parafinado.Objetivo:Padronizar as técnicas de extração de DNA, amplificação por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e sequenciamento para a análise de mutações em TP53.Material e métodos:Foram selecionados 39 casos de carcinomas de células escamosas bucal da Divisão de Patologia do Instituto Nacional de Câncer (Inca). O DNA foi extraído utilizando o sistema comercial QIAamp® DNA minikit®. Após quantificação do DNA por espectrofotometria, 250 ng de amostra foram amplificados pela técnica de PCR para o éxon 2 e por nested PCR para o éxon 6 do gene TP53. Da amostra total, 11 casos foram selecionados para a padronização da reação de sequenciamento do éxon 2.Resultados:As amostras de DNA apresentaram concentração média de 119,74 ng/µl ± 88,86 (28,9-556,4 ng/µl) e pureza de 1,69 ± 0,18 (1-1,9). Do total das amostras analisadas, 33 (84,6%) foram amplificadas para o éxon 2, e todas (39/100%), para o éxon 6. No sequenciamento do éxon 2 obtiveram-se sequências passíveis de leitura em 10 (90,9%) casos.Conclusão:A otimização das condições para o sequenciamento de TP53 foi obtida, o que facilitará a análise de mutações em tecidos parafinados, permitindo a realização de estudos moleculares retrospectivos.

Introduction:The tumor protein p53 gene (TP53) is a constant target of investigation in cancer pathogenesis. Analysis by immunohistochemistry provides limited data about p53 in oral carcinogenesis, and TP53sequencing can contribute to this analysis. However, obtaining high-quality and contamination-free deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) for a proper amplification can be a difficult task when using paraffin-embedded tissues.Objective:Standardize DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and DNA sequencing techniques for TP53 mutation analysis.Material and methods:Thirty-nine cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) were selected from the Pathology Division of Instituto Nacional de Câncer (Inca). The DNA extraction method used was the QIAamp® DNA minikit® system. After DNA quantification by spectrophotometry, 250 ng of genetic material obtained from TP53 gene were amplified by PCR for exon 2 and by nested PCR for exon 6. Out of the total sample, 11 cases were selected for exon 2 sequencing. Results: The DNA samples presented mean concentration of 119.74 ± 88.86 ng/µl (28.9-556.4) and purity of 1.69 ± 0.18 (1-1.9). Thirty-three (84.6%) samples were amplified for exon 2, and all samples for exon 6 (39/100%). Readable sequencing data were obtained in 10 (90.9%) cases.Conclusion:Optimization of conditions for TP53 sequencing was obtained, and this will facilitate the analysis of mutations in paraffin-embedded tissues, allowing molecular retrospective studies.

Objective The aim of this study was to produce dense granules of tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and magnesium (Mg) substituted β-TCP, also known as β-TCMP (Mg/Ca=0.15 mol), in order to evaluate the impact of Mg incorporation on the physicochemical parameters and in vitro biocompatibility of this novel material. Material and Methods The materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Biocompatibility was assayed according to ISO 10993-12:2007 and 7405:2008, by two different tests of cell survival and integrity (XTT and CVDE). Results The XRD profile presented the main peaks of β-TCP (JCPDS 090169) and β-TCMP (JCPDS 130404). The characteristic absorption bands of TCP were also identified by FTIR. The ICP results of β-TCMP granules extract showed a precipitation of calcium and release of Mg into the culture medium. Regarding the cytotoxicity assays, β-TCMP dense granules did not significantly affect the mitochondrial activity and relative cell density in relation to β-TCP dense granules, despite the release of Mg from granules into the cell culture medium. Conclusion β-TCMP granules were successfully produced and were able to release Mg into media without cytotoxicity, indicating the suitability of this promising material for further biological studies on its adequacy for bone therapy.

The aim of this work was to produce hydroxyapatite (HA) granules containing 0, 0.5, 1 and 5 mol. (%) of strontium (Sr), evaluate the physico-chemical properties and also the cytotoxicity by three different parameters of cell viability (ISO 10993-5, 10993-12). The physico-chemical characterization was carried out by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The XRD profile presented the main peaks of HA (JCPDS 860740) and the absorption bands of HA were identified by FTIR. The XRF results showed that the strontium concentration was close to the theoretical value. Regarding the cytotoxicity assays, the incorporation of strontium up to 5 mol. (%) to the HA did not affected dehydrogenase activity (XTT, 2,3-bis[2-methyloxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide), membrane integrity (neutral red uptake) or DNA contend (incorporation of crystal violet), in relation to HA alone. In conclusion, hydroxyapatite containing from 0.5 to 5 mol. (%) of Sr was successfully produced and presented no cytotoxicity.

In this work, chitosan and collagen-chitosan porous scaffolds were produced by the freeze drying method and characterized as potential skin substitutes. Their beneficial effects on soft tissues justify the choice of both collagen and chitosan. Samples were characterized using scanning electron microscope, Fourier Transform InfraRed Spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetry (TG). The in vitro cytocompatibility of chitosan and collagen-chitosan scaffolds was evaluated with three different assays. Phenol and titanium powder were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the highly interconnected porous structure of the scaffolds. The addition of collagen to chitosan increased both pore diameter and porosity of the scaffolds. Results of FTIR and TG analysis indicate that the two polymers interact yielding a miscible blend with intermediate thermal degradation properties. The reduction of XTT ((2,3-bis[2-methyloxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) and the uptake of Neutral Red (NR) were not affected by the blend or by the chitosan scaffold extracts, but the blend and the titanium powder presented greater incorporation of Crystal Violet (CV) than phenol and chitosan alone. In conclusion, collagen-chitosan scaffolds produced by freeze-drying methods were cytocompatible and presented mixed properties of each component with intermediate thermal degradation properties.

A quantidade de células polifenólicas dos cotilédones das espécies de Theobroma variam extensivamente. Os compostos polifenólicos destas células além da função de proteção participam no desenvolvimento do aroma do chocolate. A morfologia das células polifenólicas do mesofilo é descrita e também é analisado o desenvolvimento dos idioblastos em T. cacao L., T. subincanum Mart., T. obovatum Klotzsch ex Bernoulli, T. grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K. Schum., T. microcarpum Mart., T. bicolor Bonpl. e T. speciosum Willd. ex Spreng. A quantidade de polifenóis totais determinada por espectrofotometria apresentou uma grande variação, cerca de 40 vezes entre T. cacao (variedade forastero). As células polifenólicas apresentam-se transparentes e dispersas pelo mesofilo cotiledonar. Em T. cacao e T. grandiflorum grande número de células estão alinhadas perpendicularmente à borda do mesofilo e apresentam coloração púrpura translúcida. Entretanto, em todas as espécies as células polifenólicas também associam-se ao feixe vascular. Nas espécies T. bicolor e T. speciosum, com baixo conteúdo polifenólico, estão localizadas apenas na região do feixe vascular. À microscopia eletrônica de varredura, as células polifenólicas apresentam uma complexa citoarquitetura e após a fixação em glutaraldeído, a secreção polifenólica exibe um só conteúdo ou fragmenta-se em várias gotas esféricas. À microscopia eletrônica de transmissão aparecem nas células jovens do mesofilo, plastídeos imaturos eletrondensos, semelhantes a substâncias polifenólicas sugerindo que em Theobroma os plastídeos estão envolvidos na síntese de polifenóis.

The amount of cotyledon polyphenolic cells varies extensively within the Theobroma species. The polyphenolic compounds of these cells play a protective role and furthermore have an important function in the development of chocolate flavour. The morphology of the polyphenolic cells of the mesophyll is described and the development of these idioblasts in Theobroma cacao L., T. subincanum Mart., T. obovatum Klotzsch ex Bernoulli, T. grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K. Schum., T. microcarpum Mart., T. bicolor Bonpl. and T. speciosum Willd. ex Spreng analysed. The total polyphenolic content in the seeds as determined by spectrophotometry showed a variation of about forty times. The alive, transparent polyphenolic cells are scattered throughout the cotiledonary mesophyll. However the polyphenolic cells of T. cacao and T. grandiflorum are also aligned perpendicularly with respect to the mesophyll borders and, in addition, both species display polyphenolic cells with a natural translucent purple colour. All the species analysed contained polyphenolic cells scattered throughout the parenchymal cells and also in a lengthwise association with vascular bundles. In T. bicolor and T. speciosum, the species with the lowest polyphenolic contents, these cells were mostly located around the vascular bundles. Using Scanning Electron Microscopy, the polyphenolic cells demonstrated a complex cytoarchitecture, and after fixing with glutaraldhyde, the polyphenolic secretion was shown to remain as a single unit or was organized into round droplets. Transmission Electron Microscopy displayed immature plastids from young mesophyll cells containing eletron-dense deposits similar to phenolic substances, suggesting that Theobroma plastids are involved in the synthesis of phenolics.

As células do mesofilo cotiledonar e respectivas sínteses lípide-protéicas de Theobroma grandiflorum, T. subincanum e T. bicolor são analisadas e comparadas ao T. cacao. As espécies mencionadas possuem os cotilédones foliáceos e redobrados em torno do eixo hipocótilo-radicular, típicos de Sterculiaceae; o tamanho dos frutos e também a morfologia, o peso e as respectivas sementes são distintos entre as quatro espécies. As sementes de T. grandiflorum e T. bicolor medem 30 mm no eixo principal, enquanto em T. subincanum e T. cacao medem 17 mm e 6 mm, respectivamente e nesta mesma ordem pesam 11,6 g, 9,4 g, 2,1 g e 3,0 g. Os mesofilos cotiledonares contêm células com reservas polissacárides e lípide-proteicas. Theobroma cacao, T. grandiflorum e T. subincanum contêm acima de 50% de lipídeos. Nas quatro espécies, os glóbulos lipídicos acumulam-se gradualmente, adjacentes à parede celular e medem entre 1 a 3 µm. A microscopia eletrônica de transmissão mostrou a precipitação pouco densa das proteínas no vacúolo central das células jovens do mesofilo de T. cacao. Nas células maduras, a proteína de reserva está densamente entremeada por glóbulos lipídicos; poucos grãos de amido ocorrem no mesofilo cotiledonar destas quatro espécies. As células polifenólicas estão dispersas no mesofilo cotiledonar ou alinhadas próximas ao feixe vascular. As células imaturas demonstraram capacidade de síntese de todas as reservas, mas gradualmente as células predeterminadas, produzem principalmente reservas lípide-proteicas. Não obstante a característica única dos reconhecidos produtos de T. cacao, a capacidade de síntese lípide-proteica do T. grandiflorum, T. subincanum e T. bicolor sugerem novas possibilidades para a indústria de alimentos, produtos farmacêuticos e cosméticos.

Cotyledon mesophyll cell morphology and lipid and protein synthesis of T. grandiflorum, T. subincanum and T. bicolor were analyzed and compared with T. cacao. These species possess foliar cotyledons folded around the hypocotyl radicle axis, typical of Sterculiaceae. Fruit size, morphology and weight are very distinct amongst the four species and so are the respective seeds. The main axis of the T. grandiflorum and T. bicolor seeds measured about 30 mm, while T. subincanum and T. cacao seeds measured 17 mm and 26 mm respectively. The seed weights of T. grandiflorum, T. bicolor, T. subincanum and T. cacao were 11.6 g, 9.4 g, 2.1 g and 3.0 g, respectively. The cotyledon mesophylls of the four species contained mainly polysaccharides and lipid-protein reserve cells. Theobroma cacao, T. grandiflorum and T. subincanum were composed of greater than 50% lipids. For the four species, lipid globules gradually accumulated adjacent to the cell wall, and these globules measured from 1 to 3 µm. TEM showed low-density proteins inside the central vacuole of the young mesophyll cells of T. cacao. The protein reserves of the mature cells were densely scattered amongst the lipid bodies, and a few starch granules occurred together with the cotyledon mesophyll of the four species. Polyphenolic cells were found throughout the mesophyll cells or aligned with the respective vascular bundles. Immature cells demonstrated the capacity to synthesize all these reserves, but gradually the pre-determined cells produced mainly lipid-protein reserves. Besides the unique characteristics of the T. cacao products, the lipid-protein synthesis capacities of T. grandiflorum, T. subincanum and T. bicolor suggest various possibilities for new industrialized food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products.

Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) is generally reported in patients with severe immunosuppression, except for a few cases in individuals with moderate degree of immunodeficiency. It is a white lesion that appears mainly in the lateral border of the tongue, caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The nuclear changes caused by EBV (Cowdry A inclusion, ground glass and nuclear beading), observed in cytopathology, are specific and enough for the definitive diagnosis of OHL, independent of the identification of the virus. Here we investigated the prevalence of OHL and the presence of EBV-DNA in the lateral borders of the tongue from 90 pregnant women, 90 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients, 30 healthy individuals (negative group) and 30 HIV+ with OHL (positive group). Smears were analyzed by cytopathology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A case of subclinical OHL and candidiasis was identificated in a DM patient by cytopathologic analysis. PCR results demonstrated EBV-DNA in 65% of the pregnant women, in 35% of DM patients, and in 20% of the healthy individuals. We concluded that DM patients can develop OHL with a low prevalence. Furthermore, the prevalence of the EBV in lateral border of the tongue is larger in pregnant women than in healthy individuals.

No presente trabalho foi estudada a ocorrência de Amido Resistente (AR) em amidos de milho e de banana (naturalmente resistente) e investigado o efeito das variáveis: umidade de condicionamento, tempo e temperatura de armazenamento dos géis, na formação do AR em amido normal de milho; além das características físico-químicas e a estrutura fina do AR de milho e de banana. Foi observado que o teor de AR em amidos de milho e banana (2,5% e 49,61%, respectivamente) parece não estar relacionada com a composição química do grânulo. O amido de banana apresentou grânulos com certo poliformismo, padrão de raio-x tipo B, além de uma fração linear de DP 34 resistente à <FONT FACE="Symbol">b</font>-amilólise. A estrutura cristalina que mantém o grânulo do amido de banana coeso, por si só, não explicou o alto teor de AR encontrado. O amido de milho normal apresentou formas poliédricas e padrão difração em raio-x tipo A. Não foi observada a fração com DP 34 resistente à <FONT FACE="Symbol">b</font>-amilólise, apesar da sua maior coesividade quando comparado ao amido de banana. O tratamento hidrotérmico aplicado no amido normal de milho quase triplicou o teor de AR (7,15%) devido à formação de estruturas cristalinas coesas. O AR de milho (7,15% de AR), constituído por fragmentos porosos, apresentou padrão de difração tipo C. A não significância do tempo de armazenamento dos géis na produção do AR e a fração linear com DP 34 resistente à <FONT FACE="Symbol">b</font>-amilólise presente nos cromatogramas, sugerem a participação da amilose na formação desta estrutura resistente.

In this work the occurrence of resistant starch (RS) in normal corn and banana (naturally resistant) starches was studied and also the effects of conditioning moisture, storage temperature and time on the formation of RS in normal corn starch. The physico-chemical characteristics of the RS from corn and banana were also studied, including the molecular structure. The proximate composition data showed that the percentage of RS is not related to the chemical composition of the granule. Banana starch showed granules with a certain polyformism, and a B x-ray diffraction pattern. The dextrins from this starch showed a linear fraction with DP 34 resistant to sequential action of <FONT FACE="Symbol">b</font>-amylase and/or pulullonase. The pasting characteristics indicated that the high RS content observed in this starch, could not be explained by the physical structure which maintains the granule. The normal corn starch showed polyhedral shapes. Exclusion gel chromatography of the residues obtained after <FONT FACE="Symbol">b</font>- amylase and/or pulullonase hydrolysis, did not show a fraction with DP 34, although the pasting properties indicated a higher granule cohesivity than that of the banana starch. The hydrothermal treatment almost triplicated the RS content (7.15%) of the corn starch, because of the formation of more cohesive structures inside the granule. The retrograded corn starch, with 7.15% RS, was constituted of porous fragments and a C type diffraction pattern. On the other hand, the non significance of storage time on the formation of RS in conjunction with the absence of a fraction with DP 34, suggested the participation of amylose in this resistant structure.

Microcápsulas contendo óleo de laranja foram obtidas utilizando secagem por atomização. Para a análise da influência dos componentes na retenção total de óleo, prepararam-se três formulações com concentrações diferentes de goma arábica e amido modificado, mantendo constante a concentração de maltodextrina (36%) e óleo (10%). As três fórmulas receberam três tratamentos térmicos (180°C, 200°C e 220°C), resultando na obtenção de nove produtos. As retenções de óleo superficial e interno das microcápsulas foram quantificadas e um estudo microscópico da estrutura das microcápsulas foi realizado. Os resultados demonstraram que a microestrutura das cápsulas eram similares e que as três temperaturas empregadas não alteraram a microencapsulação. A microscopia ótica revelou microcápsulas globosas, com diâmetros variáveis e superfícies irregulares. Ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura verificou-se que as faces das microcápsulas eram predominantemente rugosas, exibiam perfurações e quando quebradas demonstravam paredes porosas. A forma e os diâmetros das microcápsulas não dependeram do amido modificado, mas sua presença conferiu melhor retenção de óleo. A maior retenção de óleo, 94%, foi obtida com a fórmula contendo 10% de amido modificado, 36% de maltodextrina e 10% de óleo essencial de laranja, independente da temperatura de secagem.

It was done microencapsulation of natural essencial orange oil through spray-drying. The purpose was to use the best proportion of wall materials among maltodextrin, acacia gum, and modified starch (capsul) in order to retain greater amount of orange oil. The orange oil (10%) and maltodextrin (36%) remained constant. Three spray drying temperatures were employed: 180°C, 200°C and 220°C, therefore, nine final products were obtained. The superficial and inner oil concentrations were measured. The microcapsules were also examined through optical and scanning electron microscopy. The three temperatures employed did not affect the microencapsulation. The microstructure of the capsules were almost similar regardless the proportion employed among the carbohydrates to wall composition. At light microscopy it was observed a great heterogeneity of capsules diameters, and probably not smooth surfaces; at scanning electron microscopy it was clear that the walls displayed porosity over round surfaces. The best retention was given by the formula containing 10% of capsul, 10% of orange oil and 36% of maltodextrin, when total oil retention was 94%, regardless the drying temperature here employed.